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ESP32 - WebSocket
In this tutorial, we will learn what WebSocket is, why we need to use it to smoothly control ESP32, and how to use WebSocket with ESP32. In a practical example, we will learn how to create a chat application between the web browser and ESP32, allowing you to:
- Type a message in the chat window on the web browser and send it to ESP32. You can adapt this to control the ESP32.
- Receive real-time messages from ESP32. You can adapt this to monitor ESP32 in real-time.
Hardware Used In This Tutorial
| 1 | × | ESP-WROOM-32 Dev Module | |
| 1 | × | USB Cable Type-C | |
| 1 | × | (Recommended) Screw Terminal Expansion Board for ESP32 | |
| 1 | × | (Recommended) Power Splitter For ESP32 |
Or you can buy the following sensor kits:
| 1 | × | DIYables Sensor Kit (30 sensors/displays) | |
| 1 | × | DIYables Sensor Kit (18 sensors/displays) |
Disclosure: Some of the links in this section are Amazon affiliate links, meaning we may earn a commission at no additional cost to you if you make a purchase through them. Additionally, some links direct you to products from our own brand, DIYables.
What is ESP32 Websocket?
Now, you might be asking, "What's WebSocket?" It's pretty simple: WebSocket is a technology that lets a web browser talk directly to a web server in real-time.
- Without WebSocket, you have to refresh the webpage to get updates. That's not very convenient.
- With WebSocket, the webpage and the server stay connected all the time. This means they can share information instantly without having to reload the page.
You probably run into WebSocket in everyday web apps like online games, instant messaging, and stock market updates.
Why we need WebSocket to smoothly control ESP32?
Imagine you want to control your remote-controlled car using a web interface on your phone or computer. Without WebSocket, every time you want to change the car's direction or speed, you'd need to refresh the web page. It's like having to press a "reload" button each time you want your command to reach the car.
Now, with WebSocket, it's like having a continuous and direct connection between your phone or computer and the car. You no longer need to refresh the page every time you want to steer the car or adjust its speed. It's as if the car is always listening to your commands in real-time, without any delays caused by constant page reloading.
In general, WebSocket allows you to:
- Send data from the web browser to ESP32 without reloading the webpage.
- Send data from ESP32 to the web browser without reloading the webpage.
This enables two-way communication in real-time manner.
Benefits of WebSocket with ESP32:
- Real-Time Control: WebSocket enables instant communication with the ESP32, ensuring quick responses to commands for a seamless user experience.
- Persistent Connection: Maintain a continuous link without refreshing the control page, creating an always-ready line of communication for immediate instructions.
- Efficiency: Experience prompt responses without the need for constant page reloading, enhancing overall user enjoyment and efficiency.
Web Chat with ESP32 via WebSocket
The webpage's content (HTML, CSS, JavaScript) are stored separately on an index.h file. So, we will have two code files on Arduino IDE:
- An .ino file that is ESP32 code, which creates a web sever and WebSocket server
- An .h file, which contains the webpage's content.
Quick Instructions
- If this is the first time you use ESP32, see how to setup environment for ESP32 on Arduino IDE.
- Connect the ESP32 board to your PC via a micro USB cable
- Open Arduino IDE on your PC.
- Select the right ESP32 board (e.g. ESP32 Dev Module) and COM port.
- Open the Library Manager by clicking on the Library Manager icon on the left navigation bar of Arduino IDE.
- Search “ESPAsyncWebServer”, then find the ESPAsyncWebServer created by lacamera.
- Click Install button to install ESPAsyncWebServer library.
- You will be asked to install the dependency. Click Install All button.
- Search “WebSockets”, then find the WebSockets created by Markus Sattler.
- Click Install button to install WebSockets library.
- On Arduino IDE, create new sketch, Give it a name, for example, esp32io.com.ino
- Copy the below code and open with Arduino IDE
/*
* This ESP32 code is created by esp32io.com
*
* This ESP32 code is released in the public domain
*
* For more detail (instruction and wiring diagram), visit https://esp32io.com/tutorials/esp32-websocket
*/
#include <WiFi.h>
#include <ESPAsyncWebServer.h>
#include <WebSocketsServer.h>
#include "index.h"
const char* ssid = "YOUR_WIFI_SSID"; // CHANGE IT
const char* password = "YOUR_WIFI_PASSWORD"; // CHANGE IT
AsyncWebServer server(80);
WebSocketsServer webSocket = WebSocketsServer(81); // WebSocket server on port 81
void webSocketEvent(uint8_t num, WStype_t type, uint8_t* payload, size_t length) {
switch (type) {
case WStype_DISCONNECTED:
Serial.printf("[%u] Disconnected!\n", num);
break;
case WStype_CONNECTED:
{
IPAddress ip = webSocket.remoteIP(num);
Serial.printf("[%u] Connected from %d.%d.%d.%d\n", num, ip[0], ip[1], ip[2], ip[3]);
}
break;
case WStype_TEXT:
Serial.printf("[%u] Received text: %s\n", num, payload);
// Send a response back to the client
webSocket.sendTXT(num, "Received: " + String((char*)payload));
break;
}
}
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
delay(1000);
// Connect to Wi-Fi
WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
delay(1000);
Serial.println("Connecting to WiFi...");
}
Serial.println("Connected to WiFi");
// Initialize WebSocket server
webSocket.begin();
webSocket.onEvent(webSocketEvent);
// Serve a basic HTML page with JavaScript to create the WebSocket connection
server.on("/", HTTP_GET, [](AsyncWebServerRequest* request) {
Serial.println("Web Server: received a web page request");
String html = HTML_CONTENT; // Use the HTML content from the index.h file
request->send(200, "text/html", html);
});
server.begin();
Serial.print("ESP32 Web Server's IP address: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
}
void loop() {
webSocket.loop();
// TODO: Your code here
}
- Modify the WiFi information (SSID and password) in the code to match your own network credentials.
- Create the index.h file On Arduino IDE by:
- Either click on the button just below the serial monitor icon and choose New Tab, or use Ctrl+Shift+N keys.
- Give the file's name index.h and click OK button
- Copy the below code and paste it to the index.h.
- Now you have the code in two files: esp32io.com.ino and index.h
- Click Upload button on Arduino IDE to upload code to ESP32.
- Open the Serial Monitor
- Check out the result on Serial Monitor.
- Take note of the IP address displayed, and enter this address into the address bar of a web browser on your smartphone or PC.
- You will see the webpage it as below:
- Click the CONNECT button to connect the webpage to ESP32 via WebSocket.
- Type some words and send them to ESP32.
- You will see the response from ESP32.
- If you modify the HTML content in the index.h and does not touch anything in esp32io.com.ino file, when you compile and upload code to ESP32, Arduino IDE will not update the HTML content.
- To make Arduino IDE update the HTML content in this case, make a change in the esp32io.com.ino file (e.g. adding empty line, add a comment....)
/*
* This ESP32 code is created by esp32io.com
*
* This ESP32 code is released in the public domain
*
* For more detail (instruction and wiring diagram), visit https://esp32io.com/tutorials/esp32-websocket
*/
const char *HTML_CONTENT = R"=====(
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!-- saved from url=(0019)http://192.168.0.2/ -->
<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252">
<title>ESP32 WebSocket</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=0.7">
<link rel="icon" href="https://diyables.io/images/page/diyables.svg">
<style>
/* Add some basic styling for the chat window */
body {
font-size: 16px;
}
.chat-container {
width: 400px;
margin: 0 auto;
padding: 10px;
}
.chat-messages {
height: 250px;
overflow-y: auto;
border: 1px solid #444;
padding: 5px;
margin-bottom: 5px;
}
.user-input {
display: flex;
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
.user-input input {
flex: 1;
border: 1px solid #444;
padding: 5px;
}
.user-input button {
margin-left: 5px;
background-color: #007bff;
color: #fff;
border: none;
padding: 5px 10px;
cursor: pointer;
}
.websocket {
display: flex;
align-items: center;
margin-bottom: 5px;
}
.websocket button {
background-color: #007bff;
color: #fff;
border: none;
padding: 5px 10px;
cursor: pointer;
}
.websocket .label {
margin-left: auto;
}
</style>
<script>
var ws;
var wsm_max_len = 4096; /* bigger length causes uart0 buffer overflow with low speed smart device */
function update_text(text) {
var chat_messages = document.getElementById("chat-messages");
chat_messages.innerHTML += text + '<br>';
chat_messages.scrollTop = chat_messages.scrollHeight;
}
function send_onclick() {
if(ws != null) {
var message = document.getElementById("message").value;
if (message) {
document.getElementById("message").value = "";
ws.send(message + "\n");
update_text('<span style="color:navy">' + message + '</span>');
// You can send the message to the server or process it as needed
}
}
}
function connect_onclick() {
if(ws == null) {
ws = new WebSocket("ws://" + window.location.host + ":81");
document.getElementById("ws_state").innerHTML = "CONNECTING";
ws.onopen = ws_onopen;
ws.onclose = ws_onclose;
ws.onmessage = ws_onmessage;
} else
ws.close();
}
function ws_onopen() {
document.getElementById("ws_state").innerHTML = "<span style='color:blue'>CONNECTED</span>";
document.getElementById("bt_connect").innerHTML = "Disconnect";
document.getElementById("chat-messages").innerHTML = "";
}
function ws_onclose() {
document.getElementById("ws_state").innerHTML = "<span style='color:gray'>CLOSED</span>";
document.getElementById("bt_connect").innerHTML = "Connect";
ws.onopen = null;
ws.onclose = null;
ws.onmessage = null;
ws = null;
}
function ws_onmessage(e_msg) {
e_msg = e_msg || window.event; // MessageEvent
console.log(e_msg.data);
update_text('<span style="color:blue">' + e_msg.data + '</span>');
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div class="chat-container">
<h2>ESP32 WebSocket</h2>
<div class="websocket">
<button class="connect-button" id="bt_connect" onclick="connect_onclick()">Connect</button>
<span class="label">WebSocket: <span id="ws_state"><span style="color:blue">CLOSED</span></span></span>
</div>
<div class="chat-messages" id="chat-messages"></div>
<div class="user-input">
<input type="text" id="message" placeholder="Type your message...">
<button onclick="send_onclick()">Send</button>
</div>
<div class="sponsor">Sponsored by <a href="https://amazon.com/diyables">DIYables</a></div>
</div>
</body></html>
)=====";
COM6
Connecting to WiFi...
Connected to WiFi
ESP32 Web Server's IP address IP address: 192.168.0.2
Autoscroll
Clear output
9600 baud
Newline
※ NOTE THAT:
Line-by-line Code Explanation
The above ESP32 code contains line-by-line explanation. Please read the comments in the code!
How the System Operates
The ESP32 code functions by creating both a web server and a WebSocket Server. The process unfolds as follows:
- When you input the ESP32's IP address into a web browser, a request is made for the webpage (User Interface) from the ESP32.
- The ESP32's web server responds by transmitting the content of the webpage (HTML, CSS, JavaScript).
- Subsequently, your web browser displays the webpage.
- When you click the CONNECT button, the JavaScript code embedded in the webpage establishes a WebSocket connection to the WebSocket server on the ESP32.
- With the WebSocket connection established, when you type something and click the SEND button, the JavaScript code send that text to to the ESP32 through the WebSocket connection in the background.
- Upon receiving the angle value, the WebSocket server sends back a reply to the webpage.
You can learn other ESP32 WebSocket examples below: